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Potentiometric creatinine biosensors have been developed using different immobilization techniques and enzyme combinations. Potentiometric biosensors for creatinine detection rely on creatinine iminohydrolase (CIH) and subsequent ammonia detection. The sensors exhibit a linear range of 0.02 – 20.0 mM and a minimum detection limit of 10 µM, with 30 – 60 s response time. <ref name = "Ref37">Pundir, C., Kumar, P., & Jaiwal, R. (2019b). Biosensing methods for determination of creatinine: A review. Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 126, 707–724. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2018.11.031
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Nanomaterials are also being studied for creatinine detection. <ref name = "Ref40">Narimani, R., Esmaeili, M., Rasta, S. H., Khosroshahi, H. T., & Mobed, A. (2020). Trend in creatinine determining methods: Conventional methods to molecular‐based methods. Analytical Science Advances, 2(5–6), 308–325. https://doi.org/10.1002/ansa.202000074
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Sensors have been demonstrated with sensitivity in the range of 0.2 – 1.4 µM. <ref name = "Ref40"/>
Lastly, a biosensor based on particle motion (BPM) has been studied for continuous creatinine sensing. <ref name = "Ref42">Yan, J. et al. (2020) ‘Continuous small-molecule monitoring with a digital single-particle switch’, ACS Sensors, 5(4), pp. 1168–1176. doi:10.1021/acssensors.0c00220.
</ref> The sensor has a competitive format, with anti-creatinine antibodies and creatinine-analogues. The measurement range was 10–1000 μM. <ref name = "Ref42"/>