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To measure unbound VPA, blood samples are treated by ultrafiltration, followed by an immunoassay, also referred to as ELISA. By performing the ultrafiltration, the protein-bound form of VPA is separated from its unbound form. After that, the level of the unbound fraction can be measured by an immunoassay, e.g. an ELISA kit. Alternatively, LC-MS can be used to measure VPA.<ref name=”[40]”> ao, S., Miao, H., Tao, X., Jiang, B., Xiao, Y., Cai, F., … Chen, W. (2011, July 1). LC–MS/MS method for simultaneous determination of valproic acid and major metabolites in human plasma, Journal of Chromatography B
Volume 879, Retrieved November 28, 2019, at [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1570023211003278?via=ihub“https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1570023211003278?via=ihub”].</ref>
Steps such as solvent extraction, solvent or derivation must be executed prior to a HPLC assay, which takes significant time<ref name=”[29]”> Free Valproic Acid Assay (2014, April). Retrieved from November 3, 2019, at [https://www.cadth.ca/sites/default/files/pdf/lab-tests/06_Free_Valproic_Acid_Assay_e.pdf/“https://www.cadth.ca/sites/default/files/pdf/lab-tests/06_Free_Valproic_Acid_Assay_e.pdf”].</ref>
. CMIA is a special type of ELISA <ref name=”[34]”> Ilyas M., Ahmad. I (2014, July 12), Chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay based detection and prevalence of HCV infection in district Peshawar Pakistan, third alinea Background, Retrieved from November 7, 2019, at [https://virologyj.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1743-422X-11-127“https://virologyj.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1743-422X-11-127”].</ref>
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