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Pathophysiology of epilepsy
Epileptic seizures appear in two types: focal and generalized. The focal seizure starts in one part of the brain, but due to the failure of inhibitory mechanisms it can spread further. The cause of it can be a trauma or cortex developmental disorder <ref name=”[43]”> (Nall, R. R. (2018, January 23). What are simple partial seizures? Retrieved December 7, 2019, at [ https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/320696.php“ https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/320696.php”].</ref> <ref name=”[44]”> (Leventer, R. J., Guerrini, R., & Dobyns, W. B. (2008, March 1). Malformations of cortical development and epilepsy. Retrieved December 7, 2019, at [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3181860/“https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3181860/”].</ref> The generalized seizure, on the other hand, is characterized by a sudden and large activity that occurs in more than one area of the brain at the same time, causing the hyperexcitability in the cortex and the neurons that connect the thalamus to the cortex. <ref name=”[38]”> (2016, May 22).2-Minute Neuroscience: Epilepsy. Retrieved November 26, 2019, at [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OGFQhLPaaOQ “https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OGFQhLPaaOQ”].</ref>
The first type of focal seizures is the one without loss of consciousness, but with jerking of different body parts or a change in the perception of reality. The ; the second type is focal seizures with impaired consciousness or change of awareness. On the other hand, generalized epilepsy types Generalized seizures are absence seizures, tonic seizures, atonic seizures, clonic seizures and so on. <ref name=”[36]”> Epilepsy. (2019, August 10), at [https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/epilepsy/symptoms-causes/syc-20350093 “https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/epilepsy/symptoms-causes/syc-20350093”].</ref>
Focal seizures include automatisms, behavior arrest, hyperkinetic, autonomic, cognitive and emotional, while atonic, clonic, epileptic spasms, myoclonic and tonic seizures can be both focal or generalized. Generalized seizure types are absence with eyelid myoclonida, myoclonic absence, myoclonic - atonic, myoclonic - tonic - clonic. <ref name=”[42]”> Fisher, R. S., Cross, J. H., French, J. A., Higurashi, N., Hirsch, E., Jansen, F. E., … Zuberi, S. M. (2017, April). Operational classification of seizure types by the International League Against Epilepsy: Position Paper of the ILAE Commission for Classification and Terminology, at [ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28276060
“h https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28276060

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