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The first written evidence of TBI is documented in an ancient Egyptian text known as the Edwin Smith Papyrus which was written around 1650-1550 BC and believed to be a copy of an even older manuscript written around 3000 BC. It describes various head injuries and symptoms and classifies them based on their presentation and tractability.<ref name="Arti7">Sanchez, G. M., & Burridge, A. L. (2007). Decision making in head injury management in the Edwin Smith Papyrus. Neurosurgical Focus, 23(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.3171/foc-07/07/e5 </ref> This text is so old that it goes as far as mentioning magic as a last resort in terminal cases. To get an idea of what treatment for a brain injury was like then, bandaging the head wound with meat and applying a honey and oil type of dressing until healed were common methods.<ref name="Arti8">The History of Brain Injuries. (2018, March 29). Intrepid Fallen Heroes Fund. Retrieved October 17, 2022, from https://www.fallenheroesfund.org/the-history-of-brain-injuries </ref> There are several biblical references to head injuries which are reported to have occurred in the 12-10th century BC. These references to head injuries include: Sisera’s death at the hands of Jael, skull fractures on Abimelech, and the most famous death of Goliath by David.<ref name="Arti9">Feinsod, M. (1997). Three head injuries: The biblical account of the deaths of Sisera, Abimelech and Goliath. Journal of the History of the Neurosciences, 6(3), 320–324. https://doi.org/10.1080/09647049709525717 </ref>
Hippocrates of Kos, also known as Hippocrates II, was a Greek physician of the classical period who is considered one of the most outstanding figures in the history of medicine and is referred to as the "Father of Medicine”. The first systematic approach to head injuries was by Hippocrates. The Hippocratic Corpus consisted of 76 Treatises, one of which was "On Injuries of the Head".<ref name="Arti10">Hippocrates. (n.d.). On Injuries of the Head by Hippocrates (F. Adams, Trans.). The Internet Classics Archive. Retrieved October 17, 2022, from http://classics.mit.edu/Hippocrates/headinjur.13.13.html </ref> === Medieval History ===In the Middle Ages, physicians further described head injury symptoms and the term concussion became more widespread. Berengario da Carpi, an Italian physician, published one of the first books on head injuries. He categorised head injuries into lacerations, contusions and perforations, each of which could be associated with a fracture. A prime example from the 16th century is also one of history’s most well-known figures. A recent study argues that King Henry VIII of England’s erratic behaviour was a result of possible repeated traumatic brain injuries. Researchers have made a compelling case citing notes that describe changes including memory loss, irritability, impulsive nature, and insomnia. All known today as common symptoms of a traumatic brain injury.<ref name="Arti11">Ikram, M. Q., Sajjad, F. H., & Salardini, A. (2016). The head that wears the crown: Henry VIII and traumatic brain injury. Journal of Clinical Neuroscience, 28, 16–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocn.2015.10.035 </ref>
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