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One of the earliest methods used for treating TBI is called Trepanation. Trepanning, also known as trepanation, is a surgical intervention in which a hole is drilled or scraped into the human skull. The earliest evidence of trepanation performed by the man himself appears in the Neolithic period. The primary theories for the practice of trepanation in ancient times include spiritual purposes and treatment for epilepsy, headache, head wound, and mental disorders.
=== Ancient History ===
The first written evidence of TBI is documented in an ancient Egyptian text known as the Edwin Smith Papyrus which was written around 1650-1550 BC and believed to be a copy of an even older manuscript written around 3000 BC. It describes various head injuries and symptoms and classifies them based on their presentation and tractability.<ref name="Arti7">Sanchez, G. M., & Burridge, A. L. (2007). Decision making in head injury management in the Edwin Smith Papyrus. Neurosurgical Focus, 23(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.3171/foc-07/07/e5 </ref> This text is so old that it goes as far as mentioning magic as a last resort in terminal cases. To get an idea of what treatment for a brain injury was like then, bandaging the head wound with meat and applying a honey and oil type of dressing until healed were common methods.<ref name="Arti8">The History of Brain Injuries. (2018, March 29). Intrepid Fallen Heroes Fund. Retrieved October 17, 2022, from https://www.fallenheroesfund.org/the-history-of-brain-injuries </ref> There are several biblical references to head injuries which are reported to have occurred in the 12-10th century BC. These references to head injuries include: Sisera’s death at the hands of Jael, skull fractures on Abimelech, and the most famous death of Goliath by David.<ref name="Arti9">Feinsod, M. (1997). Three head injuries: The biblical account of the deaths of Sisera, Abimelech and Goliath. Journal of the History of the Neurosciences, 6(3), 320–324. https://doi.org/10.1080/09647049709525717 </ref>
Hippocrates of Kos, also known as Hippocrates II, was a Greek physician of the classical period who is considered one of the most outstanding figures in the history of medicine and is referred to as the "Father of Medicine”. The first systematic approach to head injuries was by Hippocrates. The Hippocratic Corpus consisted of 76 Treatises, one of which was "On Injuries of the Head".<ref name="Arti10">Hippocrates. (n.d.). On Injuries of the Head by Hippocrates (F. Adams, Trans.). The Internet Classics Archive. Retrieved October 17, 2022, from http://classics.mit.edu/Hippocrates/headinjur.13.13.html </ref>
== References ==
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