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Acute kidney injury (AKI), also known as acute renal failure (ARF), is characterized by an abrupt decline in renal function, leading to a reduction in the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and the subsequent accumulation of nitrogenous waste products in the body .<ref name = "Ref15"> Lote, C.J., Harper, L. and Savage, C.O. (1996) ‘Mechanisms of acute renal failure’, British Journal of Anaesthesia, 77(1), pp. 82–89. doi:10.1093/bja/77.1.82.</ref>. The clinical signs of acute kidney injury (AKI) are characterized by either an elevation in serum creatinine levels, a decrease in urine output, or both [16]. <ref name = "Ref16">Ronco, C., Bellomo, R. and Kellum, J.A. (2019) ‘Acute kidney injury’, The Lancet, 394(10212), pp. 1949–1964. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(19)32563-2