Changes

Electro-Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS). Anti-Adalimumab (Anti-AM) is used to immobilize the surface of the graphene based transducers where the analyte then flows over. Changes in the impedance before and after the flow are measured using an Impedance Analyzer. Adalimumab specific transducers will then show increase of impedance against different concentrations of Adalimumab molecular binding within clinical ranges (0.1μg/ml to 10 μg/ml).

==Molecular Recognition ==

The Silver Nanoparticles (Ag NPs) were used as the optical tags with receptor

proteins specific to AM.

== Physical Transduction ==