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→Mechanism of Acute Kidney Injury
</ref> The causes of this disorder can then be classified into three categories, namely, pre-renal, intrinsic renal or post renal.<ref name = "Ref15"/>
Pre-renal kidney failure is a term used to describe the condition in which there is a systemic circulation disorder leading to a reduction in renal perfusion and subsequently a reduction in GFR. <ref name = "Ref17"> Kellum, J.A. and Lameire, N. (2013) ‘Diagnosis, evaluation, and management of Acute Kidney Injury: A KDIGO summary (part 1)’, Critical Care, 17(1), p. 204. doi:10.1186/cc11454. </ref> Notable causes that can contribute to pre-renal kidney failure include reduced blood volume, peripheral vasodilation, reduced arterial pressure or impaired cardiac function, leading to a reduced cardiac output. <ref name = "Ref17"/> Characterising a condition as pre-renal implies that addressing the root cause of the circulatory disorder, by improving cardiac function or replenishing lost volume, may lead to the restoration of GFR. <ref name = "Ref16"/> However, in most cases, pre-renal failure is often followed by intrinsic renal failure where the GFR of a patient may not be restored, despite addressing pre-renal causes.
Intrinsic renal failure refers to direct damage to the kidney itself and is categorised by the location of the injury, most commonly occuring to the glomerulus or the tubule, and include the interstitial or vascular portions of the kidney.<ref name = "Ref18"> Sharfuddin, A.A. et al. (2012) ‘Acute kidney injury’, Brenner and Rector’s The Kidney, pp. 1044–1099. doi:10.1016/b978-1-4160-6193-9.10030-2.
