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→Mechanism of Acute Kidney Injury
Intrinsic renal failure refers to direct damage to the kidney itself and is categorised by the location of the injury, most commonly occuring to the glomerulus or the tubule, and include the interstitial or vascular portions of the kidney.<ref name = "Ref18"> Sharfuddin, A.A. et al. (2012) ‘Acute kidney injury’, Brenner and Rector’s The Kidney, pp. 1044–1099. doi:10.1016/b978-1-4160-6193-9.10030-2.
</ref> The typical causes for each include the inflammation and structural damage of the glomerular cells (glomerulonephritis), interstitial cells (acute interstitial nephritis) or the tubular epithelial cells (acute tubular necrosis). <ref name = "Ref16"/> These conditions themselves can be a result of immune complexes from systemic illnesses, ischemic causes such as prolonged periods of severe hypovolemia or hypotension, nephrotoxic causes such as exposure to exogenous or endogenous toxins <ref name = "Ref18"/>, or hypersensitivity reactions to medications such as antibiotics. <ref name = "Ref19">Praga, M. and González, E. (2010) ‘Acute interstitial nephritis’, Kidney International, 77(11), pp. 956–961. doi:10.1038/ki.2010.89. </ref>
Post-renal failure or obstructive renal failure are caused by disease states downstream of the kidneys resulting in extrarenal obstruction of urinary flow.<ref name = "Ref20">Raup, V.T., Chang, S.L. and Eswara, J.R. (2018) ‘Post-renal acute kidney injury: Epidemiology, presentation, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management’, Core Concepts in Acute Kidney Injury, pp. 247–256. doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-8628-6_16.
